Geographical Extent and Frontiers
India as a Geographical Unit:
• Geographical Extent: 8° 4′ N to 37° 6′ N latitude and 68° 7′ E to 97° 25′ East longitude.
Northen Most Point:
• Indira col, Siachen glacier in karakoram range.
Easternmost Point :
• The tiny town of Kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh.
Westernmost Point:
• GhuarMoti, located in the Kutch District of Gujarat.
Southernmost Point:
• Indira Point in Great Nicobar Island in the Andaman Sea. kanyakumariis southernmost in Indian mainland.
• India has 15106.7 Km of land border and a coastline of 7516.6 Km.
India’s Frontiers:
• India’s longest border is with BANGLADESH and shortest border is with Afghanistan (PoK touches Afghanistan).
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Neighbouring Countries
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Bordering States
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Afghanistan
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Jammu and Kashmir (PakistanOccupied Area).
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China
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Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
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Bangladesh
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West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura and Assam.
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Bhutan
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West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
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Myanmar
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Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram.
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Nepal
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Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal.
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Pakistan
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Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat
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Important Passes:
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State
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Pass
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Jammu and Kashmir
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Zoji La it is in Zaskar range, Banihal pass
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Himachal Pradesh
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Shipki La ,Bara-Lacha Pass, Rohtang pass
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Uttarakhand
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Mana, lipulekh,Niti pass
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Sikkim
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Nathu la , Jelep la
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Arunchal Pradesh
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Bom di la,Dihang pass
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Western ghats
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Thalghat , Bhorghat, Pal ghat
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Important Boundary Line:
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Boundary Line
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Countries
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Radcliffe Line
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Between India and Pakistan
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Mac Mohan Line
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Between India and China
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Durand Line
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Between Pakistan and Afghanista
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49th Parallel
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Between USA and Canada
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38th Parallel
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Between North and South Korea
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Hidenberg Line
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Between Germany and Poland
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Maginot line
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Between France and Germany
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Oder Neisse Line
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Between Germany and Poland
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Geographical Extent and Frontiers
Tropic of Cancer lies at 23.50 degree North in India passes through 8 states and nearest cities to it are.
1. Gandhinagar (Gujarat) - 23.10 N
2. Jaipur (Rajasthan) - 26.55 N
3. Bhopal (M.P) - 23.16 N
4. Raipur (Chattisgarh) - 21.16 N
5. Ranchi (Jharkhand) - 23.11 N
6. Kolkata (W.B) - 22.34 N
7. Agartala (Tripura) - 23.51 N
8. Aizawl (Mizoram) - 23.36 N
Indian Standard Time: GMT + 05:30 or 82.5° longitude East of Greenwich passing through Mirzapur of Uttar Pradesh is Indian Standard line which passes through 5 states of India.
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. Chhattisgarh
4. Odisha
5. Andhra Pradesh
ØImportant cities through which IST line passes are, Mirzapur, Handi, Korba, Chunar,Junagarh, Jaunpur etc.
ØIn India meeting point of Tropic of cancer and IST line is at the Sanjay Gandhi National Park forest land of Chattisgarh.
India as a Tropical Country: The temperate part (north of Tropic of Cancer) is twice the area of tropical part. But India has always been treated as a tropical country for two different reasons – physical and cultural:
Physical Reasons:
• The country is separated from the rest of Asia by Himalayas.
• Its climate is dominated by the tropical monsoons and the temperate air masses are blocked by Himalayas.
Entire area south of Himalayas is essentially tropical from climatic point of view:
Although the night temperature in winter at several places in North India may come down to the level of those prevailing in temperate lands, yet clear skies and intense insolation raise the day temperatures to a tropical level.
Cultural Reasons:
• Settlements, diseases, agricultural and primary economic activities are all tropical in nature.
• Hence, It is primarily because of Himalayas that India is a tropical country.